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Index
Abou El Fadl, Khaled 236
Abu Ghraib 162, 165, 229, 254, 282, 298, 299, 307, 321, 330, 338, 353
Addington, David 165
Additional Protocols
See Geneva Conventions
Administrative Review Boards 374
“advantage, military” 96, 101, 265, 282, 293, 304
Afghanistan, Afghan 52, 71, 87, 99, 217, 227, 233, 235, 261, 285, 286, 288, 294, 339, 341, 377
“after-action reviews” 146
Agamben, Giorgio 36, 118
aggression 46, 56, 64, 167, 176, 199, 203, 212, 248, 305, 315, 363
Alexander, Jeffrey 246
Algeria 61, 225
Al-Marri, U.S. v. 82, 100
Amnesty International 113, 135, 390
Anghie, Antony 238
animals, cruelty to 125–26
Annan, Kofi 304
anomalies
child soldiers as 93
valued role in social science 9, 279
unprivileged combatant as 89–95, 112
anomie 39, 133, 146
anthrax 203
anthropology 12, 90, 94, 227, 314–16
antitrust law 132, 212
Antony, Mark 358
Apaches 226
apocalypse, cultural framing of conflict as 246, 248, 249
See also melodrama, threat assessment, inflationary
Appomattox 366
Aquinas, Thomas 316
Arafat, Yassir 287
Arendt, Hannah 39, 153, 251
Aristotle 194, 201, 238, 263, 316, 335, 379, 392
armed conflict
belligerents’ degree of organization in 53, 59–61
existence/definition of 16, 53, 59–61, 113–19, 126–27, 130, 155, 276–77
non-international 33, 42, 52, 54, 59, 80, 81, 82, 87, 103, 123, 254, 256–58, 282, 377
See also Geneva Conventions, Common Art. 3
See also war
“armed force,” legal definition of 52, 89, 100
as a formal bureaucracy 1, 60
arms control treaties 5, 41, 105, 106, 190, 270, 279
See also weapons treaties
Asad, Talal 146, 291
assassination 2, 167, 334–35, 379
asymetrical warfare 7, 8, 42–43, 196, 227, 230–31
“audience costs” 300
Axelrod, Robert 274
balance of benefit & burden 4, 7, 10, 19, 20, 21, 23, 58, 81, 83, 84, 87, 188, 190, 192, 216, 217, 312, 384–85, 395
in Kant 178–84, 217!
in H. L. A. Hart 185–86
See also symmetry of risk
“balancing” of rights 108, 109, 134, 137, 154
barbarism, barbarity, barbarian 31, 33, 54, 92, 221, 223, 238, 255, 310, 374
Barry, Brian 214
Bataille, George 311
battlefield 5, 113, 118, 119, 121, 127, 222, 230, 256, 372
concept's irrelevance 6, 42, 93, 117, 118, 283
battleships 293
Baudrillard, Jean 205, 206, 208–09, 215, 258–59, 293
on “the spirit of terrorism” 206
Baxter, Richard 24
Beers, Charlotte 301
beheadings/decapitation 26, 250, 259, 283
Beinart, Peter 347
Beitz, Charles 140
beneficence, benevolence 17, 177, 296, 312, 313, 314, 316, 322, 323, 325, 350, 372, 394
See also signaling
Benjamin, Walter 36, 37, 39
Berlin, Isaiah 108, 139
Berman, Paul 298
Best, Geoffrey, epigraph page 44, 54, 70, 109, 279, 284
Bettelheim, Bruno 293
Bhutto, Benazir 318
Biddle, Frances 104
binary oppositions 89, 90, 91, 93, 233–37, 247, 355
See also differentiation, dynamic of
Binder, Leonard 238
Bin Laden, Osama
on reciprocity, epigraph page 26–27, 183, 217, 284, 306
Black, Cofer 356
“black hole,” legal status of detainees as 94
Blackwater, Inc. 97
Blair, Tony 246
bloggers 7–8, 316
Bobbit, Philip 60
Boumediene, U.S. v. 27
Bourdieu, Pierre 315
Bradbury, Steven 3
Brodie, Bernard 41, 226
brutality
in American life 162
inconsistency with “rule of law” 156
inherent in war 154–56
in training of soldiers 155, 162
Buchanan, Allen 193, 194
Bull, Hedley 114
burden of proof 380
Buruma, Ian 249
Bush, President George W. 3
Abu Ghraib and 162
administration attitude toward int’l law 12, 147
administration policy vis-à-vis Al Qaeda 24, 25, 46, 51, 81, 86, 87, 90, 94, 97, 99, 100, 124, 126, 136, 226, 229, 235, 245, 248, 254, 271, 288, 312, 340, 343, 347, 373
binary thinking of 236
geopolitical strategy 40, 145, 296–97
Nietzchean themes in foreign policy of 260
preventive war policy 41, 228
regime change, and 297
Bybee, Jay 306
Byers, Michael 20
Camus, Albert 379
Cassese, Antonio 34, 66, 207
Central America 255, 284
Central Intelligence Agency 282, 293, 294, 351, 352, 383
chain of command 6, 165, 239, 284, 286
character 13, 111, 257, 289, 322, 332, 352, 355, 357, 371, 386, 390, 391, 396
national 353–54
See also identity, honor, virtue
Chechnya 185, 217, 356
chemical and biological weapons 5, 102, 203, 217
Cheney, Vice Pres. and Sec. of Defense 26, 329, 339, 342, 381
child soldiers 91–93
chivalry 226, 366, 372
Churchill, Sir Winston 102
civilians
“directly participating in hostilities” 23, 51, 59, 65, 89, 123, 271
innocence of, questioned 283
inseparable from combatants 224, 227
See also “shields,” civilian
See also Geneva Convention, Fourth, war, direct attacks on
“civilization” 33, 101, 205!, 221–22, 225, 231, 232–33, 238, 246, 255, 372, 397
See also barbarism, savagery
Clausewitz, Carl von 114, 210, 230, 379
Clinton, President Bill 24, 66
accepts targeted killing of terrorist leaders 24
Clinton, Senator Hillary 3
accepts torture in “ticking time-bomb” case 3
cluster munitions 69
cognitive distortions, cognitive psychology 158, 257, 262, 293–94, 308, 360, 376–77
organizational culture and 293–94
Cohen, G. A. 305
Cohen, Stanley 47
coherence, legal 7, 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 70, 95, 101, 106–08, 151–52, 163
Cold War 33, 34, 41, 42, 47, 113, 130, 238, 241, 255, 257, 258, 269, 270, 300, 310–11, 368
Cole, David 375, 383
Cole, Juan 228, 233
Coleman, Jules 180, 202
collateral/incidental damage 16, 35, 91–92, 158, 159, 196, 306–07, 379
Decreasing public tolerance for 304–05
See also “double effect”
collective responsibility 122
collective security 34, 63, 70, 74, 171, 182, 238, 385
colonialism 19, 64, 101, 116, 145, 200, 210, 221–26, 228, 231, 255, 257, 280, 390
“combatant” 23, 123, 179, 282
definition of 23–24, 51–52
“unlawful” 63, 89, 92–93, 95, 100, 271
unprivileged 15, 24–25, 52, 59, 65, 90, 97, 112, 122–23, 130, 222
combatant/civilian distinction, obsolescence of 90–95
Combatant Status Review Tribunals 374
comity 290, 300, 324
command influence 338
command responsibility 60, 284, 288
composition, fallacy of 365, 368
consequentialism, moral 71, 305, 377, 382, 392
constructivism, social 191–92, 233, 266, 292, 348, 357, 358, 365, 373, 376
contempt, coercive civil 160
contract law
analogy/disanalogy to humanitarian 8, 33–34, 72, 73, 74, 75–77, 83, 84, 172, 265, 369, 385
copyright law, reciprocity within 11
cosmopolitanism 136, 249, 252, 349, 384, 393
cost-benefit analysis 9, 15, 109, 245, 259, 293–94, 297, 307, 335, 358, 359, 366, 381, 382, 383–84, 392
counterinsurgency 132, 227, 228, 230–31, 255, 284, 294, 341, 343
U.S. Field Manual on 132
countermeasures 2, 15, 36, 62, 71, 106, 281
courts martial 329, 333, 339, 378
Cover, Robert 45
crimes against humanity 2, 15, 50–57, 58, 76, 86, 96, 135, 140, 184, 186, 189, 195, 199, 216, 250, 389
culpability/blameworthiness, moral 58, 67, 98, 146, 305, 374, 387–88
cultural property 62
customary int’l law 20, 51, 56, 62, 64–67, 70, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 94, 97, 102, 104, 114, 120, 123, 130, 132, 147, 195, 207, 209, 248, 260, 266, 277, 278, 279, 283, 386, 395
U.S. persistent objections to 2, 51, 55, 57, 66, 70, 97, 395
See also state practice, opinio juris
Davis, Col. Morris 35, 351
Dawes, James 144, 145, 244–45
De Gaulle, Charles 225
degradation, relation to punishment 156–59
“democratic peace” 287
democratic theory 371, 379
Derrida, Jacques 217, 320
Dershowitz, Alan 91, 283
Descartes, René 45
desuetude, of legal rules 15
Detainee Treatment Act 7, 350, 352
detention, sustained 12, 50, 56, 57, 59, 61, 68, 95, 96, 109, 118, 124, 126, 129, 130, 209, 210, 216, 218, 239, 259, 261, 296, 297, 300, 313, 323, 343, 348, 352, 356, 364, 368, 372, 374, 388, 391, 392, 394, 395
Dickens, Charles 67
differentiation, dynamic of 240, 247, 395
dignity, human 2, 44, 100, 106, 112, 126, 127, 128, 136, 153, 156, 160, 192, 244, 250, 352, 371, 393
diplomacy 18, 86, 242, 246, 266, 297, 300, 315, 319, 324, 378, 396
public 297, 301
disappearance 218
discipline
military 143–44, 222, 284
within liberal society 143–44, 162
distinction/discrimination, principle of 67, 114, 132, 147, 192, 196–97, 209, 224
Dönitz, Adm. Karl 104–05
“double effect,” doctrine of 159–60, 185, 305–07
Douglas, Mary 321
due process 24, 62, 112, 119, 121, 277, 350
Dunlap, Gen. Charles 349
Durkheim, Emile 146, 196, 250, 292, 344, 345, 387
Dworkin, Anthony 118, 372
Dworkin, Ronald 57, 100, 107, 138, 139, 141, 142, 151–54, 163
on reciprocity 168–69
“dynamic” statutory/treaty interpretation 135
Eagleton, Terry 231
Eckhardt, Col. William 335, 345
Eichmann, Adolf 154
Egypt 89, 179, 337
Elias, Norbert 239
Elster, Jon 16–17, 265, 322
emergency
See national emergency
environmental law, international 129, 133, 267
equality of soldiers 301, 305–06
equilibrium, cooperative 19, 21, 38, 41, 104, 169, 171, 181, 217, 218, 265, 267, 268, 270, 273, 275, 293, 313
erga omnes duties 10, 75, 76, 77, 86, 185, 299
Ex ante vs. ex post, effect of rules/policies 8, 102, 104, 167, 180, 200, 268, 277, 290, 377, 379
expert testimony 146
“expressive” function of law 58, 78, 159, 163–64
extermination 214
externalities 71, 76
“failed states” 99
fairness
as common rules for all 4, 7, 8, 19, 20, 53, 64, 69–70, 78, 81, 84, 102, 103, 168–71, 188–92, 258, 378, 341, 391, 395
as different rules for parties differently situated 172
in fighting terrorists
Kantian perspectives 178–86, 391
Rawlsian perspectives 165–77
procedural, as goal of humanitarian law 166–68, 181–82, 186, 195, 198, 212, 222
via symmetry of risk 180, 185, 215
See also balance of benefit/burden, symmetry of risk
Fallujah 275
Falwell, Rev. Jerry 229
Fanon, Frantz 280
Faust, Drew 271
fear 14, 41, 47, 64, 101, 210, 211, 221, 225, 228–29, 255, 261–62, 295, 297, 301, 311, 312, 314, 321, 324, 354, 361, 375, 376, 378
Federal Bureau of Investigation 293, 294, 377
Feith, Douglas 39
Feldman, Noah 98
feminism 216
firebombing 104, 203, 204, 275, 300
Fish, Stanley 359
Fitzpatrick, Peter 231
Fletcher, George 207, 211, 262
Fleischer, Ari 380
foreign aid 41, 207, 311, 317–18, 323, 394
Foucault, Michel 90, 143, 144, 146, 162, 234–35, 346, 360, 396
France 16, 22, 23, 34, 42, 55, 66, 73, 113, 259, 268, 275, 300, 311
franchise, Al Qaeda as 60
Friedman, Thomas 298
Frum, David 245
fundamentalisms, dueling 257
See also mirroring
Gallenga, Antonio 221
Galston, William 139
game theory 4, 9, 183, 239, 254, 258, 263, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 279, 290–91
See also tit-for-tat
Gardner, John 21, 58, 178
Garland, David 157–59, 163
gas, poison 101–02, 270, 307
genealogy, moral 228, 243, 259, 262–63
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 273, 385
See also World Trade Organization, trade, international
Geneva Conventions
Additional Protocol I 35, 54, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 78, 81, 112, 130, 187, 200, 337, 342
Additional Protocol II 53, 69, 78, 83, 94, 116, 188, 282, 283
Art. 75 53
effect on conduct in war 14, 264–65, 277–87
ICRC, interpretive role 281
implicit empirical assumptions of 1
inclusive membership of 192
limits on reprisals within 35–36, 278
Common Art. 2 52, 68, 88
Common Art. 3 2, 15, 25, 52, 53, 54, 59, 67, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 116, 271, 272, 282, 283, 332, 337, 343, 345, 347, 382
Fourth (protected persons/civilians) 15, 24, 36, 52, 59, 63, 65, 73, 78, 89, 122, 271
Gas Protocol of 1925 101–02
nationality of captives 65, 71, 74, 78, 81, 85, 86, 87, 89, 215
possible revisions of 43, 95, 100, 146
reciprocity, acceptance of 15, 25, 64, 180, 186–87
reciprocity, rejection of 15, 16, 25, 50, 64, 77, 172–73, 187
Third 6, 15, 25, 27, 52, 59, 67, 79, 83, 88, 101, 122, 279
Art. 4 52, 53, 59, 85, 87, 94
See also Prisoners of War
universal jurisdiction and 189
U.S. ratifications/nonratifications of 65, 132, 391
genocide 113, 135, 138, 143, 189, 194, 195, 198, 229, 234
Convention on 135
Gentili, Alberico 32, 167
Germany 22, 23, 25, 66, 73, 101, 102, 104, 160, 234, 275, 279, 293, 300, 342, 357, 362
Federal Constitutional Court 104
Ghandi, Mahatma 280
Gibbard, Alan 193, 207, 208
gift, gifts 31, 99, 206, 231–32, 314–25, 368, 397
as creating duties/debts 31, 205, 324
as reflection on giver 318, 320, 322
bankruptcy and 315
bribery and 317
circumstances of offering 319, 321, 323
electoral campaigns and 212, 317
extortion and 317
“generalized exchange” and 205, 206, 208, 315, 368, 397
gratitude and 32, 323, 324
humanitarianism as a 315–19, 325
negotiation and 319
self-interestedness of 230–31, 394
tax status of 317
Girard, René 256, 257
globalization 312
glory 223
Goffman, Erving 369
Goldberg, Jonah 193
Goldsmith, Jack 228, 392
Goodman, Ryan 366
Graham, Sen. Lindsay 350, 351, 359, 373
Grant, Gen. Ulysses S. 366
“gravitational force” 2, 53, 73, 100, 151, 152, 153, 164, 395
See also Dworkin, Ronald
Gray, John 43, 47, 126
Greeks, ancient
ethics 195, 263
mythology 141–42, 255
warfare 32, 222, 223
Grenier, Robert 353
“grim trigger” 254
See also game theory
Grotius, Hugo 137, 167, 316
“grudge informing” 377
Guantánamo 3, 15, 35, 52, 88, 94, 100, 118, 165, 229, 254, 259, 283, 298, 299, 308, 316, 320, 321, 324, 340, 345, 349, 350, 374
habeas corpus 26, 27, 94, 321, 350
Habermas, Jürgen 174, 233
Haditha 275
Hague treaties, regulations 5, 23, 50, 53, 64, 101, 102, 105, 106, 192, 195, 264, 265
See also weapons treaties
Halliburton, Inc. 96
Hamas 60, 116, 283, 305
Hamdan, Salim Ahmed 340, 346, 350
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 2, 53, 83, 87, 94, 272, 343, 350
Hamdi, Yser Esam 82
Hand, Learned 381, 383
Harandinaj, Prosecutor v. 117
Hardt, Michael 227
Hart, H. L. A. 185–86, 305
Haskell, Thomas 344
hegemonic stability 308–10, 312–13
Held, Virginia 216
Hess, Rudolf 279
Hezbollah 175, 283, 305
Hiroshima 275
history, military 114, 131, 138, 264, 273, 391
Hobbes, Thomas 135, 137, 138, 228
Hollis, Martin 169–70
Holmes, Oliver W. 47, 277
Holmes, Stephen 259–63
homo sacer 118
See also Agamben, Giorgio
honor 32, 223, 265, 295, 325, 329–37, 339, 346, 350, 351, 352, 358–59, 365, 372, 374, 393
codes of 265, 331, 332, 334
democratic theory and 371
modernity's discomfort with 31–32, 325, 346, 359
more demanding than law 332, 374, 396
See also martial honor, character, virtue
hostages 195, 204, 213, 280
humanitarianism 14, 89, 111, 125, 128, 157–59, 168, 177, 229, 252, 279, 296, 312, 315, 316, 319, 324, 325, 346–47, 386, 387, 394
humanitarian law
Al Qaeda members as protected/bound by 78–89
Al Qaeda's attitudes regarding, epigraph page 26–27, 39, 41, 176–77, 242, 345
armistice 64
as permitting brutality 45, 154
as seeking fairness in war 102, 166–67
attitude of Belgrade leaders toward 269
basis in pessimism about human nature 47
Brussels Conference of 1874 64
“civilization” and 372, 397
civil liability of states under 197–98, 201, 304
complexity of 45, 81, 121
compliance with 277–87, 373
consent to be bound, as first principle of 82, 84, 120
corrective justice and 200–09
cultural property 62
custody over detainees in 67–68
distinguishes war from murder 204, 331
duty to arrest under 187
effect on public rhetoric 247
“feasibility” as concept within 131, 146
global perceptions of 304
ignorance of 340
incoherence of 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 70, 95, 101, 106–08, 151–52, 163
increasingly criminal focus of 198–99
perfidy 63, 167
periods of optimism over 34, 47
pragmatic approach to 47–48, 108, 277
professional identity of JAGs and 366, 370
prominence of reciprocity principle within 49, 50, 53, 54–56, 62, 65, 84, 86, 106, 139
See also Geneva Conventions and Hague treaties
“quarter,” duty to grant, under 265
questionable relevance of 67
regulating “plowshares into swords” 147
relation to human/civil rights law 250, 340, 341, 344
Renaissance views of 19, 32, 92
resource disparity, relevance of 171–72, 195–98, 200, 213
“shields,” use of civilian 62, 101, 130
sources of 53
state-centrism of 6, 89, 92, 97, 99
unfair disadvantage from unilateral adherence to 4, 6–7, 20, 58–59, 65, 69, 74–75, 101–02, 105, 166, 171, 182, 186, 288, 372–73, 380, 392
weak enforcement of 4, 281, 283, 284, 373
humanitarian intervention 38, 54, 77, 194, 225, 317, 330
human right(s), int’l 39, 54, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 84, 102, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 136, 231, 232, 239, 251, 287, 289, 294, 298, 316, 342, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 372, 387, 391, 393
relation to humanitarian law 111–48, 250
security of person as 131–36, 139, 140
Universal Declaration of 112, 133, 140
Human Rights Watch 7, 55, 113, 283, 295
“cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment” 2, 53, 345, 367
humiliation 157, 261
Huntington, Samuel 349
Hurrell, Andrew 47
Hutson, JAG Adm. John 330, 345, 373
hybridity, cultural 232, 237–39
hypocrisy 105, 159, 203, 221, 289, 356, 394
identity (national, professional) 9, 90, 110, 191, 209, 210, 24, 310, 331, 334, 347, 348, 349, 351, 354, 355, 358, 359, 362, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 386, 393–97
See also “who we are”
Ikenberry, John 309
incentives 42, 57, 69, 70, 80, 190, 295, 311, 321, 341
incompletely theorized agreements 295
Indonesia 57, 299
information, asymmetry 122, 313
insignia, identifying 6, 63, 97, 179
See also uniforms
insurgency 64, 82, 88, 99, 114, 116, 130, 198, 227, 255, 284, 294, 343, 380
See also counterinsurgency
intelligence agencies 293, 294
Inter-American Commission of Human Rights 83, 116
“internal morality” of law, of martial honor 331
Int’l Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 57, 69, 70, 71, 77, 83, 94, 112, 113, 119, 124, 126, 128, 281, 356
Int’l Court of Justice (World Court) 36, 63, 66, 76, 112, 114, 120, 121, 124, 132, 199, 202
Int’l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 72, 112, 119, 134, 259, 391
Optional Protocol to 128–29
Int’l Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 136
Int’l Criminal Court 21, 34, 57, 92, 93, 105, 135, 188–89, 200, 338, 339
attitudes of U.S. officer corps toward 339
eliminating need for reprisal, retaliation, “victor's justice” 21, 105
Int’l Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 50, 66, 82, 101, 104, 117, 142, 189
interoperability 69, 132, 341–42
interrogation 2, 26, 57, 59, 61, 67, 70, 76, 96, 109, 132, 210, 218, 250, 261, 263, 279, 282, 290, 296, 297, 305, 307, 308, 320, 329, 331, 336, 343, 348, 351, 352, 356, 368, 377, 378, 379, 380, 383, 392, 393, 394
Support of U.S. Rep. Presidential candidates for coercive 3
Iraq 52, 66, 71, 89, 117, 145, 195, 204, 215, 217, 227, 238, 240, 241, 261, 272, 279, 294, 296, 298, 300, 339, 341, 385
Iran 9, 13, 233, 238, 272, 287, 392
Islam 221, 226, 232, 236, 237–39, 257, 351
Islamic law, shari’a 141, 235, 238, 284, 287, 306
Israel 66, 97, 98, 111, 115, 116, 127, 202, 203, 224, 253, 276, 284, 405, 463, 469
Supreme Court of 127
Jackson, Andrew 225
James, Clive 64
James, William 252
Japan 23, 69, 104, 268, 271, 275, 279, 299, 308, 310, 357, 385
Int’l Military Tribunal for the Far East 104
Jews 362–64
Jinks, Derek 16, 78, 79, 85, 87, 185, 215, 366
joint criminal enterprise 60
Judge Advocate Generals (JAGs) 6, 9, 13, 14, 15, 131, 132, 165, 272, 276, 287, 288, 297, 325, 329–50, 358, 359, 365, 366, 370, 371, 393, 394
attitudes toward restraint in war 272, 358, 370, 387
controversy over three-star generals 330, 339
jurisdictional competence 129
jus ad bellum 63, 199, 200, 247
jus cogens/peremptory/non-derogable norms 51, 56, 59, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82, 86, 95, 102, 103, 118, 129, 135, 140, 360, 380
jus in bello 119, 167, 181, 199, 200, 248
justice
corrective 4, 180, 194–203, 209, 218, 212
distributive 133, 136, 200, 201, 212, 213, 215
poetic 262
retributive 57, 58, 156, 193, 198, 199, 200, 210, 218, 260
Kagan, Robert 141
Kahan, Dan 376
Kahn, Paul 184, 195–96, 202–05, 211, 213, 214, 215
Kammen, Michael 354
Kant, Emmanuel (and nonconsequentialist/deontological ethics) 3, 7, 12, 16, 17, 20, 32, 58, 73, 132, 133, 156–57, 176, 180–83, 186, 194, 200, 209, 217, 252, 262, 348, 349, 368, 381, 384, 386, 391, 392, 393, 396
Kateb, George 181, 263
Katyal, Neal 340
Keegan, John 372
Kelsen, Hans 4, 55
Kennedy, David 144, 147, 281
Kennedy, Duncan 108
Kennen, George 299, 302
Keohane, Robert 17, 19, 324, 373, 384–85
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed 44, 282, 284
Kilkullen, David 231
King, Rev. Martin Luther 355
Kissinger, Henry 261
Koran 217, 221, 236, 253, 346
Korean War 268, 337
Krause, Sharon 336, 344, 371
Kress, Ken 212
Kutz, Christopher 348
land mines, antipersonnel 5, 270
Lauterpacht, Sir Hersch 4
Lawrence, T.E. 226
Leach, Sir Edmund 222
Lee, Gen. Robert E. 377
legal ethics 212
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 315, 324, 368, 397
Levinas, Emmanuel 364
Lewis, C.S. 11
lex specialis 120, 124, 343
lex talionis 69, 208
liberalism, liberal theory, liberal society 9, 12, 15, 38, 108, 135, 139, 141, 154, 161, 169, 176–77, 180, 186, 192–93, 228, 254, 257–58, 288, 305, 346, 348, 354, 381, 384
See also Berlin, Dworkin, R., Kant, Rawls, Waldron, Williams
Lieber Code 33, 200
Lieberman, Sen. Joseph 163
Lietzau, Col. William 189
Lincoln, Pres. Abraham 143
Locke, John 385
looting 285
Luban, David 90, 210
Luttwak, Edward 255, 288
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas 337
Machiavelli, Niccolò 301
MacIntyre, Alasdair 335, 346, 371
magnanimity, magnificence 176, 263, 316, 322, 323, 352, 366
mala in se crimes 164
Malaysia 276, 299
Malinowski, Bronislaw 18
Mandela, Nelson 284
Margalit, Avishai 249
Marshall Plan 310, 311, 318, 394
Martens clause 115, 120
martial honor 9, 13, 14, 68, 131, 140, 223, 329–37, 336, 339, 340, 341, 344, 345, 346, 353, 358, 366, 357, 371, 374, 393, 395
See also virtue, honor
martyrdom 91, 206, 291, 292–93
Marxism 137
“material support” statutes 95–96
Mauss, Marcel 320, 321
May, Larry 289
McCain, Senator John 3, 14, 241, 350, 351, 352, 359
on reciprocity in war 350
on rights of detainees 351
torture of 351
Mecca 208
Mégret, Frederic 16, 222, 225, 230
Meir, Golda 179
melodrama 245, 247, 249
memory, historical 274, 275, 367
mercenaries 52
Meron, Theodor 65, 66, 143
Military Commissions Act 7, 13, 95, 96, 97, 271–72, 329, 344, 345
“military objective” 120, 131, 245
militias 5, 24, 64, 119
See also insurgency, partisans
Mill, John Stuart 138, 386
Miller, Arthur 301
Miller, William Ian 31–32, 159, 315
Milošević, Slobodan 189
missile strikes 67
“mirroring” 209, 248, 253–55, 258
fundamentalisms 254
of monsters 256
modernity, modern 1, 15, 31–32, 91, 143–44, 157, 162, 175, 198, 206, 211, 222–23, 238, 240, 241, 291, 301, 314, 325, 329, 336, 347, 360, 371, 372, 397
Montaigne, Michel de 291, 346, 352, 360, 361
“moral hazard” 8
Morrow, James 277–82, 287
Mukasey, Attorney General Michael 351, 353
multiplier effect 368
Musharraf, Pervez 235, 318
mutation, of terrorism in response to law 43
Myers, Gen. Richard 333
My Lai 275, 330, 335, 345
Nagasaki 275
Nagel, Thomas 123
narcissism, of small differences 256
narrative (of threat)
deflationary 247, 248, 249, 250, 252
inflationary 246, 247, 248–49, 252
national emergency 36–40, 73, 129, 137
national liberation movements, rights of 63, 64, 172, 186–87, 200
contrast with terrorists 186–87
national security 77, 95, 121, 233, 254, 295, 318, 361, 371, 374, 382
as discourse 233, 237
Native Americans/indigenous peoples 101, 223–24, 227–28, 230, 232, 255, 319, 324
NATO 185, 189, 269, 272, 309, 342
natural law, natural right 85, 86, 92, 239–40, 385, 397
colonialism and 239–40
law of nations and 223–25
necessity, military 39, 111, 121, 127, 131, 146, 166, 167, 267, 282, 390
Negri, Antonio 227
Nelson, Lord Horatio 167
neoconservatives 296–97
neo-realists 286
New York City Bar Association 339
New York Times 13, 348, 374, 376
neutrality, right to 236
Nietzsche, Friedrich 243, 260, 261, 262, 353
Nimitz, Adm. Chester 104
nobility 177, 263, 351, 393
No Gun Ri 275
non-international armed conflicts
See armed conflicts
North Korea 9, 238, 272, 284, 392
Nozick, Robert 373
nuclear weapons 13, 33, 66, 114, 115, 120, 144, 240, 373, 381
Nuremberg trial 22–23, 82, 104, 105, 125, 199, 309
Nussbaum, Martha 397
obedience, to superiors’ orders 268
“Occidentalism” 249
occupation, military 97, 113, 138, 145, 195, 280, 307
legal duties of occupier 22–23
O’Connell, Mary Ellen 113–16
Office of Legal Counsel, Justice Dept. 3, 52, 228, 335, 338, 339, 342
authorization of interrogation methods by 3, 165, 335, 338, 339
Omar Abdel Rahman, Sheik 98
opinio juris 46, 55, 56, 57
Orientalism 101, 221, 227, 236, 243, 249
pain 210, 291
Pakistan 17, 44, 67, 235, 286, 318, 381
Palestine, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Liberation Organization 64, 97, 112, 116, 202, 253, 284, 287
panic 360
Paquete Habana, The 278
Parker, Geoffrey 264
Parks, W. Hays 288
partisans 22–23, 197
See also militias
Pascal's wager 289
patent law 132
peacekeeping, peace operations 113, 120
Pearl, Daniel 283–84
perfidy 63, 167
Perle, Richard 245
Peru, colonial 208, 228, 229, 255
Peters, Lt. Col. Ralph 197
Pew opinion surveys 298, 299, 300, 301
Philippines 217, 276
Piaget, Jean 11, 93, 191, 369, 393
Pildes, Richard 93
pillage 285
Pinochet, Gen. Augusto 189
piracy, pirates
analogies/disanalogies to terrorists 24, 63, 94, 289
Pizarro, Francisco 229
Polanyi, Karl 322
polemics 396–97
Pope, Alexander 367
Posner, Eric 141, 163–64, 245, 265, 271, 272, 274, 286, 287, 295, 297, 300, 307, 309, 335, 359, 392
Posner, Richard 245, 262, 321, 335
postcolonialism 12, 221–22, 225, 227, 229
critique of counterterrorism discourse 226, 227, 229, 230, 242
postmodernism 45, 142, 144, 205, 222, 233, 241–43, 258–59, 354, 355, 359, 394
See also postcolonialism
potlatch 207, 314, 324
Powell, Sec. of State Colin 14
pragmatism, pragmatic 108, 277
approach to regulating war 19, 46–48
“preference falsification” 380
prima facie case 54, 71
prisoners of war 6, 15, 23, 25, 27, 52, 53, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 79, 85, 87, 93, 94, 97, 119, 122, 180, 184, 188, 192, 197, 270, 271, 272, 275, 279, 282, 283, 287, 299, 321
See also Geneva Convention, Third
professional ethics, professionalism 9, 18, 329, 334, 344–45, 347, 349, 359, 370, 386, 395
professional networks, military lawyers’ 300, 337–40, 343, 365, 366, 370, 392, 394
proportionality, in humanitarian law 32, 56, 58, 97, 112, 114, 127, 131, 132, 146, 166, 192, 196, 199, 206, 207, 209, 282, 304
in Islamic law 306
“protected persons”
See Geneva Conventions, Fourth
precautionary principle 381–82
private military contractors 43, 113, 144
psychopathology, mass 261
public choice 75
“public good”
int’l legal system as 10, 138, 302, 309–10, 365, 366, 385, 387
public-private distinction 92
See also liberalism
Pufendorf, Samuel von 20, 137
Putin, Vladimir 356, 357
Quirin, Ex Parte 25
Qutb, Sayyid 238, 249
Raeder, Adm. Erich 104
rage 261, 263
Ramadan, Tariq 254
rape 126, 372
rational choice theory 217, 230, 263, 286, 294, 307, 364, 366, 367, 369, 395
See also game theory
Rawls, John, epigraph page 7, 32, 124, 138, 166, 141, 194, 211, 212, 213, 214, 253, 392
“circumstances of justice” 174–77, 181, 362, 386
“considered judgments” 303
ideal vs. non-ideal theory 170, 213
law of Peoples 174–77
maximin principle 173
on reciprocity, epigraph page 168–73
original position 168, 170, 173, 174, 211, 213
“reflective equilibrium” 303
“strains of commitment” 211, 213–14
“veil of ignorance” 7, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 179, 211, 214
Reagan, Pres. Ronald 238
“realism” in international relations 8, 9, 10, 98, 141, 195, 266, 267, 270, 279, 285, 287, 296, 297, 300, 302, 303, 307, 331, 347, 365, 366, 384, 386, 395
soft power and 302–03, 374
realism, legal 47, 163, 277
reciprocity
Adam Smith on 17–18
Al Qaeda attitudes toward, epigraph page 26–27, 39, 289–90
anticipatory self-defense and 40–42
arms control treaties and 105
as empirical regularity 18, 19
as “master-rule” of int’l relations 44
as moral/legal principle 18, 25, 27, 28, 32, 180
as “quasi-social” norm 16–17
as same rules for all 19, 20, 24, 25, 53, 57, 64, 79, 103, 105, 172, 182, 188, 209, 280, 387, 392, 395, 396
as theme in U.S. counterterrorism debate 15–16
as unduly binary mode of thought 233–41
as “working engine of int’l humanitarian law” 55
bilateral, specific, short-term 10–11, 12, 13, 68, 105, 109, 111, 169, 269–70, 307, 320, 324, 357, 368, 385, 387, 393, 396
biological basis of 32, 124–25
deliberative, discursive, conversational 21, 233, 239, 302, 391
impossibility with Al Qaeda 240
differing conceptions of 17–21, 79, 370
comity and 290–91, 300, 324
commodification via 311
“confidence-building” in negotiations via 18, 319
dangers of law's reliance on 234
deterrence via 33, 57, 58, 101, 102, 103, 192, 248, 392
diffuse, systemic, multilateral, long-term 10, 11, 12, 105, 169, 269–70, 302, 320, 324, 357, 365, 368, 370, 384–87, 395
egalitarianism of 19–20, 393
“fighting fire with fire” as 262, 343
Geoffrey Best on 54–55
humanitarian intervention and 194
human rights as limit on 193–94, 393, 394
“Golden rule” and 11, 14, 16, 180
David Hume on 32–33
H. L. A. Hart on 185–86
implications of for institutional design 19, 190–92
in animals 124–26
in armistices 64
in children 11, 92–93, 191, 262, 369
inclusiveness/exclusiveness of int’l regimes and 190–92
in Cold War 33, 41, 238–39, 255, 257, 269, 270
in copyright law 11
in enforcing civil judgments 290
in Magna Carta 32
in regulatory regimes 190–92
International Criminal Court and 188–89
inter-state accusations of wrong as 189–90
jus ad bellum and 63
justice and 309
Kant on 178–84
law as strengthening workings of 277, 279
martial honor and 330
May, Larry, on 289
McCain, Sen. John, on 350
military attitudes toward 347
mimetic 253–56
mutant form of 258, 261
national emergency and 38–39
natural law and 224
nobility and 316
non-democracies and 287
Nuremberg Tribunal, treatment of 22–23
peace and 314, 324
prevalent ambivalence toward 11
primitivism of 31–32, 58
private int’l law and 290
prominent place within humanitarian law of 49, 50, 53, 54–56, 76, 84, 86, 106, 140
psychology of 32–33, 168, 173
rationality and 1, 38, 235, 244, 246, 250, 284, 287, 292, 293–94, 331, 396
Rawls on 165–77
“reactive” nature of norm 16
restraint in war through 8–9, 244, 250, 265, 282
risk of death and 138, 193–94, 202, 322, 324, 373, 376
“savages’” incapacity for 101, 221, 225
second-strike nuclear capability and 41
self-defense as 22, 34, 74
si omnes clauses as 33
social constructivism and 191
social contract through “systemic” 12, 20, 83, 84, 85, 93, 111, 181, 194, 310, 320, 321, 369, 370, 384, 397
sovereignty principle and 19
“strong” 308–09
supererogation and 78, 316, 332, 351
targeted killings/extrajudicial executions and 271
torture as 391–92
trade/travel as 321
under feudalism 207
weapons conventions and 50, 65, 72, 101
reconnaissance 131
refugees 71, 113, 251, 317
Reisman, W. Michael 41
remedies, civil 103, 281, 375
remorse 367
rendition, of terror suspects 119
reprisal 2, 5, 15, 18, 34, 35, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 67, 79, 81, 94, 97, 101, 102, 103, 112, 166, 171, 198, 206, 207, 209, 210, 216, 233, 235, 238, 248, 255, 273, 278, 280, 370, 388, 391, 395, 396
as corrective justice 199, 209, 212, 213
effects on “solidarity” among belligerents 370
as ineffective, counterproductive 35
as legal justification 34–35, 54
as punishing innocents 2, 16
as replaced by collective security 34, 70, 74, 171, 182
as expression of reciprocity principle 16, 24, 36, 58
as source of deterrence 9, 16, 19, 57, 58, 101, 103, 233
British views of 35
children's morality and 191
German, against French during WWII 22–23
proper mental state for legal defense of 18
continuing availability of 34
early effort to limit 35
in decisions of World Court 36
primitivism of 36, 54, 58, 238
as source of inter-belligerent fairness 102, 103, 166, 209, 392
U.S. stance toward legality of 51–55
reputation, national 265–66, 275, 302, 307–08, 392
restraint in war
aristocratic sources of 18, 265, 366, 371, 372, 393
JAGs/officers as source of 370–72, 387
non-legal sources of 148
political dynamics of 14
realist arguments for 10
reciprocity as basis of 285, 286, 293
sociology of 3, 10, 17, 131, 264
support for relaxing legal 4
unilateral 279, 283, 284–85, 313
world opinion as source of 299, 300
retaliation 9, 18, 41, 46, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 65, 70, 79, 101, 171, 190, 205, 209, 233, 248, 263, 277, 278, 280, 281, 284, 287, 343, 369, 392
against U.S. troops for their misconduct 13, 14
retorsion as form of 16, 56, 391
right to, as seen from “original position” 171
“retorsion” 16, 56, 278, 391
revenge 11, 31, 261, 285
Rhodes, Howard 371
Rice, Sec. of State Condoleezza 40, 295
Ricoeur, Paul 18
Ridge, Tom 296
Rieff, David 147
risk, risks
managing terrorism as a 183, 184, 352, 376–82
of terrorism 184, 375–77, 382
of violent death 193–94, 322, 324, 373
public “misperception” of terrorist 262
See also symmetry of risk
River, JAG Gen. Jack 333
Roberts, Adam 372
Roman law 118, 320
Roth, Brad 132
Roth, Kenneth 295
“rule of law”
as basis of U.S. global appeal 299, 357
as bourgeois delusion 36–37
as compatible with authoritarianism 37
JAG Handbook on 341, 342
post-conflict military operations and 341, 342
rules of engagement 68, 127, 132, 342
Rumsfeld, Donald 329, 334
Russia 57, 185, 239, 275, 299, 356
See also Soviet Union
Rutledge, Justice Wiley 310
Rwanda 143, 234, 309
sabotage 25, 52
Saddam Hussein 66, 204, 213, 215, 296, 363, 380
sadism 263, 282, 306
Sahlins, Marshall 319, 320
Said, Edward 227
saintliness 78
Sandel, Michael 175, 238
Saudi Arabia 89, 285
savagery, “savages” 101, 218, 221–25, 228, 255
terrorists as 16
Scalia, Justice Antonin 3
scalping 255
Scanlon, Thomas 364
Scarry, Elaine 46, 98, 156, 179, 247, 390
Scheffler, Samuel 211
Schelling, Thomas 41, 270, 369
Schwebel, Judge Stephen 36
Schmidtz, David 192
Schmitt, Carl 237
Schmitt, Michael 166
Scowcroft, Brent 296
Scruton, Roger 125
Searle, John 45–46
security studies, “critical” 233, 237
selection bias 266
self-defense 34, 58, 74, 96, 97, 112, 116, 127, 199, 216, 244, 248, 253, 260, 261
anticipatory/preventive 40–42, 245, 253
self-interest
national, collective 4, 17, 72, 191, 209, 232, 265, 285, 286, 288, 291, 292, 300, 307, 311, 323, 325, 330, 331, 342, 347, 348, 357, 365, 370, 373, 384, 386, 394, 395, 396, 397
professional 335–36, 345, 366
individual 57, 265, 285, 292, 322, 331, 333, 335, 344
self-respect 9, 335, 336, 357, 358, 362, 364, 367
Seneca 291, 317, 322
Serbia 71, 198, 269, 309
Shakespeare, William 262, 360
shame 366–67
Shaw, Martin 254
Sherman, Gen. William T. 45, 144, 203, 245
Sierra Leone, Special Court for 87
“signaling, costly” 275, 287, 312–18, 324–25, 378, 394
Silver, Peter 223, 225
Simmel, Georg 269
Simon, Jonathan 382
slavery, enslavement 45, 94, 137, 144, 190, 211, 214, 221, 223, 225, 231, 239, 252, 255, 293
Smith, Adam 17–18, 321, 373
Smith, Philip 246, 247, 250
“social contract” 83, 84, 85, 93, 111, 194, 198, 310, 320, 321, 369, 370, 384, 385, 386, 395, 397
socialization 366
social mobility 315
social science 9, 60, 109, 207, 216, 218, 263, 265, 275, 279, 288, 295, 361, 377, 391
society, international 75, 111, 214, 221, 242, 385, 386
world 242
sociology 12, 101, 239, 258, 264–65, 325, 345, 348, 366, 369, 370, 376
cultural 12, 243, 246, 365
functionalist 370
of “undiscussability” 380
“soft power” 10, 13, 280, 297, 301–04, 322, 347, 367, 374, 380, 387, 392, 394
as “essentially a byproduct” 322
martial restraint and 297–98
solidarity, social 76, 250–52, 320–21
Somalia 185, 217, 227
Sontag, Susan 162
South Africa, Rep. of 136, 283, 284
South Korea 270, 284
sovereignty 19, 22, 52, 87, 91, 107, 300, 314, 318, 384
Soviet Union 33, 41, 42, 269, 302, 310, 311
Spain 238, 283
Special Operations Forces, U.S. 13, 226
specific intent 306–07
See also double effect and collateral damage
Spence, Michael 313
spies 52
stateless societies 314–16, 319, 320, 321
“state practice” 15, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 106, 139, 278–79
See also Customary int’l law
statistics, social 375–79
false negatives 374, 377, 378
false positives 374, 377, 378, 387
“statistical lives” 376–77
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle) 256, 257
Stevens, Justice John Paul 303
Stone, Julius 104
strategy, military/geopolitical 7, 19, 41, 43, 57, 90, 109, 117, 130, 145, 167, 184, 196, 198, 203, 207, 213, 226–27, 230, 235, 236, 239, 245, 249, 255, 263, 268, 269, 292, 293, 294, 296, 300, 335, 343, 363, 369, 379, 396
submarine warfare 23, 270, 293
suffering, superfluous/unnecessary 50, 105, 111, 114, 125, 128, 166, 167, 168, 201, 212, 265, 267, 384
suicide bombing 92, 173, 174, 177, 197, 205, 206, 240, 248, 250, 258, 286, 292, 316
Sunnis 117, 294
Sunstein, Cass 295, 376, 381
superpower rivalry 255, 257–58, 270, 275, 280, 302, 311
surrender 33, 157, 179, 197, 215, 223, 230, 248, 265, 268, 270, 271, 304, 366
Sussman, David 179, 180, 184
Swift, Lt. Comm. Charles 330, 346
Sykes, Alan 71
symmetry of risk 1, 7, 8, 20, 72, 180–81, 184, 186, 202, 207, 211, 215, 368, 391, 396
Paul Kahn on 184, 202, 204, 211
See also risk
taboo 90, 163, 240, 381
against discussing permissibility of torture 381
Tadić, Prosecutor v. Dusko 82, 117
Taliban 25, 65, 79, 94, 99, 285, 288, 318
targeted killing/extrajudicial execution 2, 4, 23–24, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 61, 67, 122, 123, 127, 210, 211, 216, 228, 239, 245, 250, 261, 271, 364, 380, 382, 390, 391, 395
acceptance by U.S. Presidential candidates 4
Taussig, Michael 208, 228, 229, 239, 242, 254, 255, 256, 314
Tawney, R. H. 344, 345
Taylor, Charles 141, 210
temperantia belli 316
Tenet, George 383
“terms of trade” 179, 186, 206–08, 210, 215–16, 218, 317, 318, 319, 385
territorial control, as goal of war 6, 53, 67, 99, 117, 187, 197, 284, 285, 286, 392
terror, terrorizing of civilian populations 23, 115, 188, 211, 255, 258
The 9/11 Commission Report 240
Thomas, Justice Clarence 87, 88
Thompson, Dennis 28
Thucydides 32, 223
“ticking time-bomb” scenario 95, 346
tit-for-tat 4, 9, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 41, 53, 71, 101, 103, 141, 171, 181, 217, 218, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 244, 258, 261, 267, 269, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 284, 288, 289, 291, 302, 313, 324, 365, 378, 387, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396
parties’ self-enforcement of rules through 4, 19, 64, 70, 79, 171, 216, 233, 293, 391
See also game theory
Tocqueville, Alexis de 344, 359
torture 3, 12, 27, 35, 40, 51, 55, 56, 59, 75, 76, 86, 94, 98, 119, 129, 130, 134, 135, 140, 143, 151–64, 186, 208, 214, 215, 216, 245, 261, 263, 272, 282, 287, 303, 306, 307, 313, 314, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343, 347, 364, 366, 380, 389, 390, 395
American public's acceptance of 3, 261, 340, 347, 353, 367, 380
Bush administration's interpretation of law on 27, 253, 356
capacity to withstand 291
civilian bar's opposition to 339–41
colonial 255
Convention Against 76, 94, 159, 119, 129, 135, 189, 299, 303, 306, 350, 360, 375, 391
fear of 210, 211, 261
in tribal warfare 224
legal definitions of 155, 291
methods of 163
moral wrongfulness of, as risk asymmetry 184
on continuum with other degradation/brutality 163–64, 395
terrorizing effect of 210–11
war as 155–57
See also interrogation
trade, international 10, 38, 133, 267, 309, 385
tragedy 47, 138, 247
“tragedy of the commons” 369
transaction costs 266, 283
Traub, James 245
treachery 167, 177
treaties
“dynamic” interpretation of 135–36
reservations to 55, 66, 76, 86, 102, 129, 395
suspension/withdrawal as standard remedy for breach 65, 70, 72, 79, 105, 106, 395
See also Vienna Convention on the Law of
trial, right to fair 2, 13
Trotsky, Leon 132
Tuck, Richard 137, 382
tu quoque, as defense 103–05
uniforms, military 91, 97, 179, 200, 388
See also insignia
United Nations 34, 98, 113, 124, 129, 188, 200
Charter 54, 61, 63, 70, 100, 135, 247
collective security through 34, 70, 74, 171, 385
General Assembly 318
Human Rights Commission 83
Secretary-General 83, 113, 304
Security Council 38, 54, 135, 189
United States
“after-action reviews,” military 146
Army Field Manual 345
as an “empire” 301, 367
Defense Dept. 13
“soft power” of 10, 13, 297–302, 307, 323
Civil War 33, 197, 268, 271
Congress 96, 341, 393
dependence on allies in counterterrorism efforts 17, 299–300, 307
desire to be “loved” 301
“exceptionalism” of 350
foreign policy 86, 175, 288, 323
future adversaries 13–14, 68, 365, 370, 387, 393
global leadership of 312–18, 323, 356, 361, 380, 387, 392, 393, 395
ICC and 188–89
in Cold War 33, 34, 41, 130, 241, 255, 257, 269, 270, 300, 310–11, 368
influence abroad 9, 13, 249, 280, 297–99, 303, 307, 323, 392, 393, 394, 395
Americans’ concern about preserving 303
Joint Chiefs of Staff 333
military lawyers
See Judge Advocate Generals
National Security Council 95
Office of Legal Counsel, Justice Dept. 3, 52, 228, 335, 338, 339, 342
authorization of interrogation methods by 3, 165, 335, 338, 339
Operational Law Handbook 130, 132
Pakistan, relations with 318
posture toward int’l law, int’l courts 294, 309
racial strife in 222, 225, 300, 310
Senate Armed Services Committee, JAG testimony 329, 330, 332, 338, 344, 370, 393
State Dept. 6, 165, 374
Supreme Court 53, 54, 59, 83, 87, 89, 94, 116
Uniform Code of Military Justice 333, 336, 338, 350
veterans 385
vulnerabilities, military 196–98
world's perception of 262, 308, 312, 351, 365, 367, 387, 392, 393, 305
universal jurisdiction 188–90
Updike, John 304
utilitarianism 3, 134, 137, 141, 214, 244, 246, 261, 291, 292, 382–83, 386, 396
See also consequentialism, moral
vagueness, of relevant law 76, 121, 127, 128, 133, 164–65, 282, 317, 342
“value pluralism” 108, 139
Vattel, Emerich de 32, 223–24
Veblen, Thorsten 314
vengeance 18, 31, 32, 315
See also revenge
vicarious liability 253
“victor's justice” 21, 105
victory, meaning of military,167 183
Vermeule, Adrian 163–64, 392
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 56, 65, 70, 72, 73, 86, 95, 135
Vietnam War 24, 66, 232, 241, 279, 294, 333, 351, 369
Villa, Dana 226
virtue, virtues 140, 175, 177, 241, 263, 291, 292, 295, 308, 316, 323, 332–36, 343–46, 351, 352, 366, 367, 371, 386
as habit 333, 347
caste and 347, 366, 371, 387
moral psychology and 333–34
social esteem and 334
“virtue ethics” 331–48, 355, 371, 386, 395
See also honor, martial honor
Voltaire 210
Waldron, Jeremy
on law's “expressive” function 134
on torture 27, 100, 151–56, 159–65, 360
on legal positivism 153
on inconsistency of brutality with law 100, 152–56
Walker, Gen. James 336
Walzer, Michael 37, 38, 102, 332, 358, 379
war, warfare
as collective, not individual 122–23
as “constituted” via humanitarian law 45
as “social” in nature 45
civilian morale in 101
colonial 223–25, 229, 230, 255
conflict with Al Qaeda as 46, 51, 114–21, 388
counterinsurgency 227, 230–31, 255, 284, 294, 380
Crimean 102
“declaration” of, by Al Qaeda 97
direct attacks on civilians in 11, 57, 101, 115, 138, 143, 204, 205, 209, 283, 286, 287, 288, 300, 305
“fog of” 117, 273
future 13–14, 68, 365, 370, 387, 393
indifference of int’l lawyers toward 129–32, 278, 402
just 214
law of, as oxymoron 44–45
medieval 128, 222, 346
misperceptions in 257–58
“primitive” methods of 197, 223, 226, 230–32, 238
rationality in 227, 244, 246, 250, 287, 288, 292, 293–94, 331, 396
ruthlessness in 45, 261
submarine 23, 270
tribal 224, 231
See also armed conflict
Warner, Sen. John 350, 351, 359
Warnke, Georgia 233
Washington, U.S. Pres. George 5
waterboarding 13, 165, 193, 255, 272, 282, 350
in training of NATO soldiers 272
Waxman, Matthew 305
weapons, treaties prohibiting/controlling 5, 33, 50, 65, 70, 72, 101, 102, 105, 106, 207, 270, 279, 395
chemical & biological 5, 66, 102, 307, 373
See also arms control
Weber, Max 339, 358
on “elective affinity” 139
Weeramantry, ICJ Judge Christopher 120, 131
Weil, Simon 334
Weinberger-Powell doctrine 296
Weinrib, Ernest 201
Wendel, Bradley 332
Wendt, Alexander 191
Whitman, James 157
“who we are/what we stand for” 9, 241, 249, 289, 347, 348, 351, 352, 355–59, 373, 393, 396
See also identity
Wieseltier, Leon 242
Williams, Bernard 137, 141, 358, 381, 390
Wisse, Ruth 362–63
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 331
Wolf, Markus 103
Wolfowitz, Paul 292
Wolstetter, Albert 41
World Court
See Int’l Court of Justice
World Trade Organization (WTO) 10, 38, 129, 269, 273, 308
World War I 264, 299, 382
World War II 22–23, 25, 44, 47, 69, 101, 102, 114, 119, 130, 226, 268, 270, 271, 273, 279, 286, 300, 307, 310, 357, 382
Xenophon 31
Yamashita, U.S. v. 310, 346
Yemen 55
Yoo, John 25, 27, 74, 94, 133, 306, 337, 339, 340, 349–50, 392
Zelikow, Philip 295
Žižek, Slavoj 356, 390, 391
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